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• Journal List
• J Med Libr Assoc
• 5.94(2 Suppl); 2006 Apr
• PMC1463033

J Med Libr Assoc. 2006 Apr; 94(2 Suppl): E107–E113.

Mapping the literature of emergency nursing

Kristine M. Alpi, MLS, MPH, AHIP, Associate Library Director Samuel J. Wood Library and C. V. Starr Biomedical Information Center

Received 2005 Apr; Accustomed 2005 Dec.

Abstract

Purpose: Emergency nursing covers a broad spectrum of health care from trauma surgery back up to preventive health care. The purpose of this study is to identify the core literature of emergency nursing and to determine which databases provide the nearly thorough indexing admission to the literature cited in emergency nursing journals. This study is office of the Medical Library Association's Nursing and Allied Wellness Resources Department's projection to map the nursing literature.

Methods: 4 key emergency nursing journals were selected and subjected to citation analysis based on Bradford's Law of Handful.

Results: A group of 12 journals made upward 33.3% of the 7,119 citations, some other 33.3% of the citations appeared in 92 journals, with the remaining 33.3% scattered across 822 journals. Three of the core 12 journals were emergency medicine titles, and two were emergency nursing titles from the selected source journals. Government publications constituted vii.five% of the literature cited.

Conclusions: PubMed/MEDLINE provided the best overall indexing coverage for the journals, followed by CINAHL. However, CINAHL provided the most complete coverage for the source journals and the majority of the nursing and emergency medical applied science publications and should be consulted by librarians and nurses seeking emergency nursing literature.

INTRODUCTION

Emergency nursing is one of the fastest growing specialties in the nursing profession, with almost 95,000 registered nurses employed in emergency departments (EDs) in the U.s.a. in 2000 [one]. Emergency nursing is defined as care of individuals of all ages with perceived or bodily physical or emotional alterations of wellness that are undiagnosed or that require further interventions [2]. Emergency nursing expertise encompasses knowledge about all age groups and medical specialties. Emergency nursing piece of work includes specialized professional nursing roles: advanced do nurses, clinical nurse specialists, nurse practitioners, and flight nurses. Working in the emergency department requires mastery of the ED's technology and equipment, awareness of social services, and the ability to collaborate finer with pre-infirmary care providers. Preventive health care, specifically injury prevention, is becoming a larger function for emergency nurses.

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CREDENTIALING

The primary organisation in the United states of america for emergency nurses is the Emergency Nurses Association (ENA). In 1970, the Emergency Room Nurses Organization was launched in Buffalo, New York, by Anita Dorr, inventor of the crash cart. Meanwhile Judith Kelleher formed the Emergency Department Nurses Association in California. These two groups joined on Dec 1, 1970, to get the Emergency Section Nurses Clan, renamed the ENA in 1985 [iii]. The ENA includes subspecialties for managers, trauma, government diplomacy, inquiry, pediatrics, telephone triage, injury prevention, emergency medical services (European monetary system), and forensics. In 1972, the Royal College of Nursing in the United Kingdom established an accident and emergency nursing group, which became the Accident & Emergency Nursing Association in 1990 [four]. The first international emergency nursing briefing was held in 1985 in London [v]. Other countries do not have organizations specifically for emergency nurses, but nurses can join other emergency-focused associations. In Hong Kong, for instance, nurses tin join the Hong Kong Society of Emergency Medicine & Surgery as affiliated members [6].

Trauma nursing is a subspecialty in emergency nursing that has its ain organizations and journals. The Gild of Trauma Nurses Website [7] explains that trauma nurses accept additional knowledge and expertise in the circuitous intendance required for the traumatically injured patient. They practice in all care delivery settings where injured patients are treated, including the pre-hospital setting, emergency section, perioperative loonshit, intensive care units, surgical floors, rehabilitation, and outpatient services. "The Trauma Nursing Core Course" is an international form that provides international standards for trauma training [5]. It was taught in the United Kingdom for the starting time time in 1990 [4].

Credentialing options for emergency nurses consist of the certified emergency nurse (CEN) and certified flight registered nurse (CFRN). The Board of Certification for Emergency Nursing (BCEN) is the independent corporation nationally and internationally responsible for the Certification Examination for Emergency Nurses [8]. Emergency nursing practice is dynamic, fluid, and continually evolving and requires lifelong learning. Like all nursing disciplines, the scientific basis of emergency nursing practice is constantly changing and new knowledge must be developed and validated through research. Gonnerman emphasizes that ED nurses and nurse managers require data from the literature to practice effectively [9]. Research in emergency nursing should extend to examining the emergency nursing literature.

Emergency medicine has been active in describing and analyzing its literature [10–12]. Authors accept considered subject field matter [xiii], number of research manufactures and case reports [14, fifteen], research methodology [16, 17], multiple authorship [15], sources of funding [eighteen–20], accuracy of references [21], currency of the content [22], value of impact factors [23], and capability of PubMed/MEDLINE coverage of the Journal of Emergency Medicine [24]. These are all potential areas for emergency nursing literature research.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this report is to identify the core literature of emergency nursing and to make up one's mind which databases provide the about thorough indexing access to the literature cited in emergency nursing. A secondary purpose is to make up one's mind the relative frequency of cited format types and publication years. Searches of several computerized indexes did not identify any previous like studies of the emergency nursing literature. This written report follows the protocol gear up by the Task Force to Map the Literature of Nursing of the Medical Library Association'due south Nursing and Centrolineal Health Resources Section [25] and is patterned subsequently the endeavor to map the literature of allied wellness [26].

This study does not endeavor to await at the incidence of citation errors in emergency nursing literature. Goldberg et al. determined the incidence of citation errors in the 3 major emergency medicine journals: Register of Emergency Medicine, Periodical of Emergency Medicine, and American Journal of Emergency Medicine [21]. A study of the number and types of errors in references in 4 widely read pediatric nursing journals showed that, of the 190 references examined, 79 contained errors, for an overall error rate of 41.6%. Major errors, which preclude the rapid retrieval of information, occurred in 28.9% of the references [27]. This mapping study relies on citations as reported past the authors, therefore it may be afflicted by an fault charge per unit which has not been quantified.

METHODOLOGY

This written report has followed the common methodology described in the projection overview article [28]. To select source journals for the study, the Brandon/Loma Print Nursing Books and Journals 2002 list was consulted [29]. Ii emergency nursing titles appeared on the Brandon/Hill list: JEN: Journal of Emergency Nursing (listed as an initial purchase) and International Periodical of Trauma Nursing (IJTN). IJTN likewise appeared on the Canadian Nursing Association's 1997 Suggested List of Periodicals for Nurses for the Canadian Health Science Library. Blow and Emergency Nursing appeared on Allen'due south list of key nursing journals [30]. It seemed important to make this review international in scope, so emergency nursing journals published outside the U.s.a. were identified through a search of the National Library of Medicine'due south LocatorPlus catalog and evaluated for inclusion.

Emergency nursing and pre-hospital emergency care are closely linked, and the ENA has a position statement on the part of the nurse in the pre-infirmary environment [31]. The "Brandon/Hill Selected List of Print Books and Journals in Allied Health" [32] was also consulted in the emergency medical technology category, where the post-obit titles were listed: Annals of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medical Services, Emergency Medicine, JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services, and Topics in Emergency Medicine. The amount of research literature in pre-infirmary emergency care is scarce [33], with about of the publications such every bit JEMS providing news and practice articles with limited numbers of references. Therefore, no pre-infirmary emergency care publications were selected for this review of the emergency nursing literature.

The 4 source journals selected were JEN, IJTN, Accident and Emergency Nursing, and Emergency Nurse. In discussions with New York emergency nurses, JEN was the only one of these emergency-specific journals mentioned equally regular reading, and most of the nurses reported reading just general nursing journals.

JEN has been published since 1975 [34] and is ENA's peer-reviewed, bimonthly journal and an official publication. It offers original clinical articles by emergency department staff, and applied information from sections such as "Instance Review," "Clinical Notebook," "Drug Update," "Law and the Emergency Nurse," and "Managers Forum" [35]. Accident and Emergency Nursing, the official journal of the Emergency Nurses' Association of Australia, is published quarterly by Elsevier. Accident and Emergency Nursing is devoted to accident and emergency (A&E) nurses and their interests. The journal reflects the scope of the A&E nurse'southward responsibilities, highlights the growing number of practical and personal skills needed in A&E nursing, covers the many medicolegal issues in A&E nursing, and caters to all levels of staff working in emergency settings throughout the earth [36]. Published ten times a year past RCN Publishing in the Britain, Emergency Nurse began as a newsletter in 1983 and became a journal in 1992/93. It now contains peer-reviewed articles on the latest clinical innovations and best-practice guidelines, as well as coverage of management and education bug [37]. IJTN was published by Mosby for the Trauma Nursing Coalition (TNC). The TNC comprises the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN), Association of Rehabilitation Nurses, Emergency Nurses Clan, and Air & Surface Send Nurses Clan. IJTN ceased publication with the July 2002 issue [38].

All four of the journals have cited references in CINAHL. The availability of the cited references was particularly important for titles that were non held by libraries in the author's geographic area. The Journal of Trauma Nursing, a quarterly publication of the Society of Trauma Nurses, was considered but not selected considering it lacked full 1998 coverage in CINAHL at the time of source journal pick.

RESULTS

The reference lists of 1,270 articles in the 4 source journals were analyzed, resulting in 7,119 cited references. Table one shows the number of citations in each source journal by format. The 788 manufactures from Journal of Emergency Nursing provided two,360 citations; 210 articles with 2,243 citations from Emergency Nurse; 157 articles with i,897 citations from Blow and Emergency Nursing; and 115 articles with 619 citations in International Journal of Trauma Nursing. The majority of cited references, 64.6% (iv,598), were to journal articles; xx.6% (1,467) were to books; and 7.4% (528) were to authorities documents. The remaining vii.4% (526) cited miscellaneous formats, including Websites.

Tabular array one Cited format types past source journal and frequency of citations

Table 2 shows commendation formats for publication flow. For all formats, the 1991-to-nowadays grouping had the greatest per centum of citations: seventy.9% of periodical citations, 64.4% of volume citations, 84.one% of government publications, and 82.ane% of miscellaneous citations. As expected, the most recent literature was heavily relied on, with 15.7% of all formats dating from 1997 to the present. Of all citations to all formats, 93.four% were published betwixt 1980 and 1999. A full of 926 unique journal titles were cited.

Table 2 Cited format types by publication yr periods

Table iii shows title distribution by zone. Just 12 titles (1.3%) vicious into Zone one, but they accounted for over 33.8% of all journal citations. An additional 92 titles (ix.9%) fell into Zone 2 and deemed for 34.3% of all periodical references; the list of items in Zone 2 was extended because several journals tied and therefore were included in the cutoff. The rest of the citations (31.nine%) were scattered amid the remaining 822 journals (88.8%). Only 1 reference appeared for 522 titles; 2 appeared for 133 titles. The overview article shows how the number of titles in the zones compares with the literature of other nursing disciplines [28].

Table three Distribution by zone of cited journals and references

2 of the Zone ane titles, Periodical of Emergency Nursing and Accident and Emergency Nursing, were source journals for the report. The other 2 source journals, Emergency Nurse and IJTN, appeared in Zone two, ranked fifteenth and 70-7th, respectively. The depression number of references for IJTN might be related to its quarterly publication schedule. The journals in Zone one were a mix of emergency and critical care medicine, emergency medical technology, full general nursing, and general medical titles.

Tabular array 4 shows indexing coverage scores for each Zone i and 2 journal in nine of the databases. No 1 indexing source provided comprehensive indexing coverage of the Zone i titles. PubMed/MEDLINE provided the highest overall indexing score for Zone i and ii titles but did not offering complete coverage for whatever Zone 1 title. CINAHL was 2nd in Zone 1 coverage but offered consummate coverage for primal nursing titles. CINAHL provided consummate coverage for four of the Zone i titles, including two of the source journals, Blow and Emergency Nursing and Journal of Emergency Nursing. CINAHL was the only source to completely cover the two source journals that appeared in Zone 2. EBSCO Health Source Plus and EBSCO Wellness Business Fulltext were the simply consummate coverage sources for the MMWR.

Table 4 Distribution and database coverage of cited journals in Zones 1 and 2

For Zone two titles, PubMed/MEDLINE once again offered the highest overall score. CINAHL scored second but provided complete coverage of many of the nursing and emergency medical engineering titles. The medical specialty journals by and large received little or no coverage in CINAHL, bringing downward its total score. The total indexing coverage scores given in Table iv indicate the relative indexing coverage for all Zone 1 and 2 titles in each of the databases searched.

DISCUSSION

Many of the cited references analyzed in the written report (nearly 65%) were to journal articles, a much lower per centum than in many of the other disciplines studied. Similarly, about of all analyzed references (nearly 93%) were to materials published since 1980, indicating a strong reliance on more recent literature, typical of health sciences disciplines in general. Consistent with Bradford's Law of Scattering, the study'south cited journal titles showed a wide distribution amid a fairly small cadre, with about 11% of the titles accounting for 67% of all the citations. Emergency care requires not only knowledge of the emergency literature, but also of significant developments published in general medical and nursing journals, cardiology, trauma, and pediatrics journals [11]. Of the 12 indexes consulted, PubMed/MEDLINE provided the near complete coverage. PubMed/MEDLINE indexes all full-length articles and inquiry reports too every bit nearly letters, editorials, and commentaries. CINAHL ranked 2d merely provided the most complete coverage of nursing and emergency medical technology publications. While OCLC ArticleFirst covers more titles than CINAHL, its usefulness is limited by the lack of abstracts and subject area indexing.

The coverage of MEDLINE indexing of the emergency medicine literature was reviewed prior to the advent of PubMed. In 1994, Vilke et al. assessed MEDLINE's coverage of the papers in Journal of Emergency Medicine (JEM) over a 10-twelvemonth flow [24]. In that time, 1,178 abstracts and 843 original contributions were included in JEM. Results showed 98.5% of all original work published in JEM and 99.74% of all abstracts referenced in JEM were constitute in MEDLINE [39]. However, PubMed/MEDLINE does not embrace many of the international and non-English language-language emergency medicine journals. In a study comparing manus-searching to MEDLINE searching of the emergency medicine literature, simply 18 (29.0%) of the 62 journals identified past the researchers as of import to emergency medicine were indexed by PubMed/MEDLINE [39]. For searchers needing comprehensive coverage of the literature referenced by emergency nurses, PubMed/ MEDLINE appears to be the index of outset choice. For the core literature of emergency nursing, especially the source journals, CINAHL is the all-time pick.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study show that the most current periodical literature is of primary importance to the emergency nursing bailiwick. The multidisciplinary nature of emergency nursing makes the relatively wide dispersion of journals unsurprising. Analysis of indexing coverage of the Zone 1 journals showed that PubMed/MEDLINE provides the about coverage, while analysis of the coverage of the source journals in emergency nursing shows CINAHL to be the most comprehensive.

These results benefit librarians and emergency nurses seeking to explore the breadth of emergency nursing literature. Expanding nursing collections to include more of the core emergency medicine literature may guide users to relevant materials. CINAHL may wish to index more of the emergency medicine literature to increase the database's utility for nurses and European monetary system personnel, while PubMed/MEDLINE could benefit from more in-depth coverage of nursing publications.

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